range sensor military aviation, part i - articlesfactory.com

Military aviation uses military aircraft and other flight machines for the purpose of carrying out or supporting air combat, including the provision of lo's National Air (Air Cargo) capability...Military aviation is designed to carry out or support air combat, including national air freight (Air Cargo), the ability to use military aircraft and other aircraft to provide logistical supplies to troops stationed in theaters or front lines.Air forces include national means of conducting such a war, including the crossing of transport and war aircraft.
Military aircraft include bombers, fighter jets, transport aircraft, trainers and reconnaissance aircraft.The first military use of aviation was a lighter.than-air balloons.During the Battle of frerousse on 1794, France observed that the balloon l'Entreprenant was used to monitor the movements of the Austrian forces.
Use of lighters-than-In the war, aircraft that were frequently used in the American Civil War became common in the 19 th century.Lighter-than-Air Force aviation continued until shortly after World War II and gradually withdrew from a variety of heavier roles --than-Improved the aircraft.Heavier-than-Despite the traditional resistance and severe restrictions on early aircraft, aircraft were considered military in the early days.
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In August 2, 1909, the Army Signal Unit purchased a Wright-a military aircraft, becoming the first military aircraft in history.On 1911, Italians used various aircraft types in reconnaissance, photos-Reconnaissance and bombing roles during ItaloTurkish War.On October 23, 1911, an Italian pilot, Captain Carlo Square, flew over the Turkish line during the world's first aerial reconnaissance mission, on November 1, the first air bomb ever was dropped by Sottotenente Giulio Gavotti from an earlier model of Etrich Taube aircraft to Turkish forces in Libya.
Lack of anti-TurkishThe aircraft weapon was the first to shoot down the aircraft with a rifle.The earliest military role played by the aircraft was Reconnaissance, however, by the end of World War I, military aviation quickly accepted many special roles such as artillery reconnaissance, aerial superiority, bombing, ground attack and counter-attackSubmarine Patrol.The progress of technology is carried out at a crazy speed.
First of allWith the end of the war, the metal cantilever aircraft began to be put into use.In many areas, particularly between major world wars in power plants, aerodynamics, structures and weapons, aircraft technology has made faster progress during World War II, with the significant improvement in performance and the introduction of new roles such as aircraft early warning and electronic confrontation in the air, reconnaissance of weather and driving lifeboats.During the two world wars, Britain used aircraft to suppress the rebellion of the whole empire and introduced the first military transport, which completely changed the logistics and enabled the Army and materials to be further away.
Victoria heavy transport, WixThe 24 liberators long-range maritime patrol aircraft first appeared during World War I, and the ground attack aircraft did not provide a decisive contribution until Germany introduced the Blitz during the invasion of Poland and France, where, the aircraft acted as a mobile flying artillery and quickly destroyed the defense formation.The allies will then use rockets.Armed with fighters of the same character, the German armored forces were fixed during and after the Battle of Normandy.However, in the first world war, the first strategic bomber unit was also established, and they would not be tested until the Spanish Civil War, because the obvious impact of the mass bombing would encourage them to be widely used during the Second World War.
Aircraft carrier aviation also appeared for the first time during World War I, and also played an important role during World War II. most major navies recognized the advantages of aircraft carriers relative to warships and invested a lot of resources to build new aircraft carriers.During World War II, the United StatesThe ability of ships to threaten allied forces to ship military and war supplies to Europe has stimulated the development of long-range maritime patrol aircraft, with new detection systems including sonar buoys, Leigh lights and radar, its ability to independently detect and destroy underwater submarines has been greatly improved, as well as better weapons, including self-guided torpedo and improved deep water bombs.
This played an important role in winning the battle of the Atlantic Ocean.The plane played a lot too-Expanding the role, many notable activities were decided only by the use of military aircraft, such as the Battle of England or the Pearl Harbor attack, and the end of the Pacific War against Japan marked the dropping of atomic bombs by two separate aircraft, the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed.The introduction of jet engines, radar, early missiles, helicopters and computers was a step forward in World War II, and that feeling has been there until today.
After World War II, the development of military aviation was stimulated by the Cold War.Between the super powers.The helicopter appeared in the later World War II, and gradually became a military aviation, transportation force and expanded-The submarine capability of small warships negates the demand for a large number of small aircraft carriers.Need to go out-Opponents have driven the development of new technologies and aircraft in the United States.
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Among other things, the United States, the Korean War and the Vietnam War tested the resulting designs.Electronic Technology has made incredible progress, starting with the first electronic computer during World War II and steadily expanding from the initial cryptographic role to communications, data processing, reconnaissance, remote control aircraft, until it became an integral part of modern warfare, many other characters.In early 1960, missiles are expected to replace manned interceptors and guns on other manned aircraft.
They failed to meet the apparent expectations.to-Air missiles lack flexibility, are not as effective as manned interceptors, and are equipped only with fighter jets with airborne weaponsto-The effectiveness of air missile pairs on opposing aircraft that can avoid being hit is limited.Missiles are also expensive, especially for lowEvaluate ground targets.
1970 saw the return of the gun.
Armed fighters, more emphasis on mobility.So far, 1980 has been characterized by stealth technology and other strategies.Today, the military aviation forces of a country are often the first line of defense against attacks, or the first forces to attack the enemy, as well as effective military aviation forces (or lack) in some recent conflicts, such as the Gulf War, it has proved decisive.
Air warning provides pre-warning of enemy activities to reduce the chance of accidents.Many people also have command functions that guide or direct friendly fighter jets to the bogeys that enter.Bombers are able to carry a large number of bombs and may sacrifice speed or mobility in order to maximize the payload.
The experimental aircraft is designed to test advanced concepts of aerodynamics, structure, avionics, or propulsion.These usually have very good meters, performance data by radio telemetryThe frequency data is linked to the ground station located in the flight test range.Establish and maintain air superiority.Speed and operability are usually required and they carry a variety of weapons, including machine guns and missiles.
The air control command in front of the air support aircraft at close range to ensure that the scheduled target is invalid and the friendly army remains uninjured.Ground-Attack aircraft support ground troops by weakening or canceling enemy defenses.Armed helicopters and specialized ground attack aircraft attack enemy armor or troops and provide close air support to ground forces.
Contact aircraft are usually small, non-armed aircraft used to deliver information and key personnel.Marine patrol aircraft for sea controlSpecial electronic equipment for detecting and sinking submarines, such as sonar.They are also used for search and rescue missions and fishing patrols.
Multi-character combat aircraft combine the capabilities of fighter jets or bombers according to mission requirements.Reconnaissance aircraft and reconnaissance helicopters are mainly used to collect intelligence.They are equipped with photographic, infrared, radar and television sensors.
Spy satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles are increasingly playing this role.The training aircraft is used to train recruits to fly the aircraft and to provide additional training for specialized roles such as air operations.Transport troops and supplies.Goods can be unloaded quickly on pallets.It is also possible to unload the cargo from the flying plane with a parachute.
Aviation tankers are also included in this category, which can refuel other aircraft during flight.Helicopters and gliders can transport troops and supplies to areas where other aircraft cannot land.The airborne early warning control (AEW & C) system is a system used to detect aircraft, ships, and long-range vehicles, and to strike by directing fighter jets and attacking aircraft, command and control of combat space in air battles.
The AEW & C forces are also used for surveillance, including surveillance of ground targets, and often perform the functions of C2BM (command and control, combat management) similar to those of air traffic controllers, military command over other forces.When used at high altitude, the radar on the aircraft allows the operator to detect and track the target and distinguish between friendly and hostile aircraft, much further than similar ground radar.Like ground radar, it can be detected by the opposite force, but it is less vulnerable to anti-because of its mobilityattack.
The AEW & C aircraft is used for defense and offensive air operations and provides training or integrated Air Force to NATO and the US Army, as the Command Information Center has provided to US Navy warships, powerful radar platform.The system is used to attack, direct the fighter to the target position and defend against enemies in the air and on the ground.The advantage of command and control from high altitude is so useful that the US Navy operates Northrop Grumman Electronics-Two Eagle Eye AEW & C aircraft take off from its super carrier to enhance and protect its Carrier Command Information Center (CICs ).
Earlier similar aircraft, such as Fairey Gannet AEW, used the name of the onboard alert (AEW.3 and Lockheed-121 pre-warning stars continue to be used by the Royal Air Force for its Sentinel AEW1, while AEW & C (air alert and control) emphasize command and control capabilities that may not exist on smaller or simpler radar picketing aircraft.The early warning machine (Airborne Early Warning and Control System) is the name of the specific system installed in the electronic equipment3 and Japan Boeing E-767 AEW & C airframes, but often used as a generic synonym for AEW & CThe modern AEW & C system can detect aircraft at a distance of 400 km (220), far beyond the range of most surfacesto-air missiles.
An AEW & C plane flying 9,000 (30,000) can cover an area of 312,000 square kilometers (120,000 square miles.Such three planes can cover the entire Central Europe in overlapping tracks.The AEW & C system communicates with friendly aircraft, directs fighter jets to bogey, provides data on threats and targets, helps expand their sensor range and makes it harder to track attack aircraft, because they no longer need to keep their radar active to detect threats.
In the early days of developing the first ground-based-The British chain company's warning radar detection system has developed a radar device that can carry out so-called "Air Control Interception" on the plane ".The purpose is to cover the northwest direction of the German remote Focke-The threat of Wolf Fw 200 Eagle aircraft.The Vickers Wellington bomber (R1629 series) is equipped with a rotating antenna array.
It was tested for aerial targets and then possibly for German e-boats.Another radar, equipped with different devices for Wellington, was used to guide Bristol's beautician to the Heinkel He 111 s in the air.launching V-1 flying bombs.February 1944, United StatesS.The Navy ordered the development of a radar system that could be carried in the air on a plane under the Cadillac project.
In August, a prototype system was built and flown on an improved TBM Avengers torpedo bomber.The test proved successful, and the system was able to detect low flying formations in the range of more than 100 miles (160 km kilometers.The U.S.The United States Navy later ordered the production of the missile.
3 w, the first AEW aircraft to be produced to enter the service.TBM-3Ws with AN/APS-In March 1945, the radar was put into use and about 36-40 radar were eventually built.Lockheed WV and EC-The first 121 pre-warning stars to fly in 1949 served in the US Air Force and Navy, and provided major AEW coverage for the US military during the Vietnam War.
It will continue to run until it is replaced by emailThe moon flight, it intends to inherit.Roughly parallel development, N-The Blimps class was also used as an AEW aircraft to fill the gap in mainland US radar coverage, and their huge endurance of over 200 hours was the main asset of the AEW aircraft, although after an accident in 1962, the aircraft, which is lighter than the air operation, stopped operating.In 1958, the design bureau of the Soviet Union Tupolev was also ordered to design an AEW aircraft.
In determining that the projection radar instrument is not suitable for Tupolev Tu-95 or Tupolev-116, decided to use the more spacious Tupolev Tu-114 instead.This solves the problem of cooling and operator space95 and Tu-116 fuselage.In order to meet the flight range requirements, the production example is equipped with air-to-Air refueling probeThe resulting system Tupolev Tu-12, 1965 years of service in the Soviet Air Force, served until berryev-50 in 1984.
Despite Boeing's e-commerce systems, many countries have developed their own AEW & C systems3 Sentinel and Northrop GrummanEagle Eye is the most common system in the world.The E-3 Sentinel was built by Boeing Defense and Space Group (now Boeing Defense, Space and Security) based on Boeing 707320 aircraft.65 E-It is operated by the US Air Force, NATO, the Royal British air force, France and the disputed Saudi Arabia.
Specially designed Grumman E-Hawkeye entered service in 1965 and is operated by eight different countries.More than 168 have been produced so far and continue to develop the new version to make it the most widely used AEW system.Japanese airlinesE-Defense ForcesBoeing E-fitted has installed 3 technologies767.
After World War II, Britain deployed a large number of AEW capabilities with Douglas AD-USAW Skyraiders, designated early warning aircraft for Air attackers.1, which in turn was replaced by Fairey Gannet AEW.3, use the same AN/APS-20 radar.With the retirement of the traditional aircraft carrier, Gannet was withdrawn, and the Royal Air Force installed Gannet's radar on Mr.
Avro ShackletonRe-designate 2 airports in Shackleton AEW.2.Change the Shakelton AEW.2, the AEW variant of Siddeley Nimrod, a vendor known as Nimrod AEW3, was ordered on 1974.However, after a long and problematic development, the plan was canceled in 1986,Specify Sentinel AEW 3DsIn the service of the Royal Air Force, 1 was purchased instead.
The Russian Air Force is currently using about 15-20 berryev-50 and A-50U \ "Shmel \" in AEW characters \"."Mainstay" is based on Ilyushin Il-76 fuselage, large nonRotary disc cover on the rear fuselage.These replaced 12 Tupolev Tu-This role was filled before 126.
The A-50 and A-50 U will eventually be berryev-100, there is an AESA array in its radar cover, based on the updated Il-476.On May 1997, Russia and Israel agreed to jointly implement China's order to develop and deliver early warning systems.According to reports, China ordered a Phalcon for $0.
25 billion, which needs to be transformed into a Russian-made Ilyushin-The 76 cargo planes [have also been erroneously reported as Beriev-It has advanced electronic, computer, radar and communication systems.It is reported that Beijing is expected to acquire several phalcon aew systems and may purchase at least three more (possibly up to eight) of them, with the prototype planned to be tested from 2000.Finally, in July 2000, the United States put pressure on Israel to withdraw from the $1 billion deal and sell it to China in stages.
Array Radar SystemA-after cancellation-50I/Phalcon deal, China is turning to native solutions.Il-which Phalcon radar and other electronic systems have never been completed-76. The fuselage was handed over to China through Russia on 2002.
China's early warning aircraft carries a unique phase array radar (PAR) on a circular radar cover ).Unlike the US early warning aircraft, the radar antenna of the Chinese early warning aircraft does not rotate, and the aircraft rotates the dome to reach a coverage of 360 degrees.Instead, three PAR antenna modules are placed in a triangular configuration within a circular radar cover to provide 360 degree coverage.
Install equipment in IL-76 aircraft started in 2002 by Xi'an Aircraft Industry Corporation).The first flight of a plane2000 manufactured in November 2003.All four machines will be equipped with this type.
The Chinese air force was last served until the end of 2007.In 2003, the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the National Defense R & D organization (DRDO) began to study the requirements for the development of airborne early warning and control (AWAC) systems.In 2015, DRDO delivered three early warning aircraft called Netra to the Air Force and installed a native radar system on Embraer EMB in Brazil145 air frame.
Netra gave 240-The extent of airspace coverage.The Emb-145 also has airto-Air refueling capacity for longer surveillance time.The Indian air force also has three Israeli air bases.
2090 system (Il-76/Phalcon system canceled transactions for China), the first of which arrived on May 25, 2009 for the first time.India subsequently signed an agreement with Israel.Therefore, the A50I adopts 3-Radar arrangement designed by Chinese teamDRDO is now working on a distance that is longer, 360-The degree range is similar to the Phalcon system, based on the Airbus-330 airframe.
The Royal Australian Air Force, the Republic of Korea Air Force and the Turkish air force are deploying Boeing 737 AEW & C aircraft.Unlike the E-2 and E-3, the Boeing 737 AEW & C does not use a rotary disc cover (rotodome) but a large dorsal fin.The AEW platform used by the Swedish Air Force is 100B Argus.
S 100B Argus based on Saab 340 with Ericsson Erieye PS-890 radar.The Greek air force, the Brazilian Air Force and the Mexican Air Force use Embraer R-Ericsson Erieye PS-99890 radar, as on S 100B.In early 2006, the Pakistani Air Force ordered six Saab 2000 from Sweden with Erieye AEW.
On December 2006, the Pakistani Navy requested three more P-3 Orion aircraft with Eagle Eye 2000 AEW system.China and Pakistan have also signed a memorandum of understanding on joint development of the AEW & C system.Israel has developed IAI/Elta EL/M-The 2075 Phalcon system uses the AESA (active electronic scanning array) instead of the rotodome antenna.
The system is the first to enter the service.The original Falcon was installed on a Boeing 707 aircraft and developed for IDF and exports.The King of the British sea, ASaC7 Navy helicopter, runs from the invincible-Aircraft carrier.
The creation of Sea King ASaC7 and early AEW.2 and AEW.5 was the result of the lessons learned by the Royal Navy during the 1982 Falkland Islands War, when the lack of AEW insurance by the task force was a major tactical obstacle that made them vulnerablelevel attack.Spanish Navy in SH-In the same role, the Sea King is operated by LPH Juan Carlos I.
Hotel Agusta WestlandThe 101A AEW of the Italian Navy is operated by aircraft carriers, Cavour and Garibaldi.In 2018, the British will replace their Sea King with a modular "supreme" system that can be installed on any of their Merlin HM2 fleets.The Russian-built Kamov Ka-The 31st was deployed by the Indian Navy on the aircraft carrier víramadia and taval.
Class frigate and will be on Vikrant-Aircraft carrier.The Russian Navy has two Ka-31 r variant, of which at least one was deployed on its aircraft carrier Kuznetsov in 2016.It is equipped with electronic equipmentThe 801-meter Oko (Eye) airborne electronic warfare radar can track 20 targets at the same time, detect aircraft with a distance of up to 150 km (90 miles) and a distance of up to 200 km (120 miles)Boeing uses Westinghouse's (now Northrop Grumman) radar to design and manufacture a specific system with a rotating radar dome "rotodomme" radar.
It's installed on electronic devices.
3 Sentinel aircraft (Boeing 707) or the nearest Boeing E-767 (Boeing 767), the latter for Japanese airlines onlyDefense Force.When the early warning machine is put into use for the first time, it represents a significant progress in capability and is the first to use the pulse of the early warning machineDoppler radar, which can track targets that are usually lost in ground clutter.Previously low-Aircraft in flight can only be tracked at any time on the surface of the water.
Bomber is a combat aircraft designed to hit ground and sea targets through the airto-Launching torpedo or deploying air weaponsLaunched cruise missiles.Strategic Further information: carpet bombing and strategic bomber strategic bombing are carried out by heavy bombers mainly designed for a long timeLong-range bombing missions targeting strategic objectives such as supply bases, bridges, factories, shipyards and the city itself, in order to reduce the enemy's ability to wage war, limit access to resources by destroying infrastructure or reducing industrial production.Current examples include strategic nuclearB-armed strategic bombers2 Spirit, B-5-story Fort TupolevTupolev Tu95 "bear"22 m "counter-productive ";The notable example in history is Gotha G.
Sigg El in what Ave, in Lancaster four worldBoeing B-111, Junkers Ju 8817 Flying Fortress, consolidate B-Liberator Boeing B-2429 Super Girls and Tupolev Tu-16 \'Badger\'.Tactical bombing is intended to combat the enemy's military activities and support offensive operations, which are usually assigned to small aircraft operating in a shorter range, usually close to ground forces or enemy ships.This role is held by the tactical bomber class, which crosses and blurs with various other aircraft categories: light bomber, medium bomber, push bomber, intercept bomber, fighterBomber, attack aircraft, morePlay the role of fighter planes.
Current example: F-F/A-15E Strike EagleSukhoi Manette 1827, Xian JH-7, Dassault-Example of history: Ilyushin Il-2000 Baogai Mirage and Panavia TornadoMonth Sturmovik, 87 push bomber junkju, P-47 Thunderbolt, Typhoon vendor, MacDonald-Douglas F-Phantom II and mikoyangmig-27.First use of airItalian Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti dropped a bomb during 1911 Italy (actually a Grenade)Turkey's war in Libya, although his plane was not designed for bombing missions, had little impact on his temporary attacks.On 1912, during the First Balkan War, Bulgarian air force pilot Christo Toprakchiev recommended the Turkish position to use aircraft to throw "bombs" (at this time known as grenades in the Bulgarian Army)Captain Simeon Petrov developed the idea and built several prototypes by adjusting different types of grenades and increasing the payload.
On October 16, 1912, The Observer Prodan Tarakchiev dropped two bombs from albatross F. to the Turkish railway station karaa c (near the besieged Edirne.Radul Milkov is driving 2 aircraft, this is the first time in this sport.
This is considered the first use of the aircraft as a bomber.The first heavy onethan-The aircraft specially designed for bombing are Caproni Ca 30 in Italy and Bristol T in the UK.B.Twice in 1913.The Bristol T.B.8 is the early British single-engine two-wing aircraft manufactured by Bristol Aircraft Company.
They installed a prism-type bomb aiming device in the front cockpit, and a cylindrical bomb carrying device in the lower part of the rear fuselage, capable of carrying 12 10 lbs (4 lbs ).5 kg) bombs, which can be dropped separately, can also be shot in unison as needed.The aircraft was purchased and used by the Royal Naval Aviation Administration and the Royal Flight Corps (RFC) and three T.
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Eight cars with bombing equipment on display in Paris in December 1913 were sent to France after the war broke out.On November 25, 1914, under the command of Charles ramney Samsen, the bombing of the German battery by meidkke of Belgium was executed.The spacecraft developed in the early 20 th century.
Early airships were prone to disasters, but slowly, the airships became more reliable, more rigid in structure and more sturdy in shell.Prior to the war, the Zeppelin was a larger, more streamlined airship designed by the German Earl of Ferdinand von Zeppelin, equipped with bombs to attack remote targets.This is the first long-range strategic bomber.
Although the German Air Force was strong and had 123 airships by the end of the war, they were vulnerable to attacks, engine failures, and navigation problems.German warships have done little damage in all 51 raids, killing 557 Britons and injuring 1,358.The German Navy lost 53 of 73 airships and the German Army lost 26 of 50 warships.
The Caproni Ca 30 was built by Gianni Caproni in Italy.It was a twin-The three 67 KW (80 hp) boom wings of the Gnome rotary engine flew for the first time in October 1914.The test flight showed that the power was insufficient and the engine layout was not feasible, and Caproni quickly adopted a more traditional method to install three Fiat a with 81 KW (110 hp.
10s.
The improved design was purchased by the Italian Army and has been delivered in large quantities since August 1915.Although Avro 504 was primarily used as a coach, the Royal Naval Aviation Administration also briefly used as a bomber at the beginning of World War I when they were used to raid German airships.During the war, bombing and interception operations were carried out mainly by French and British forces as the German Air Force was forced to focus its resources on defense strategies.
It is worth noting that in the battle of Nov Chapel on 1915, the bombing operation was part of the British offensive, and the Royal Flying Corps Squadron attacked the German railway station in an attempt to hinder the logistics supply of the German army.Early improvised explosive attempts, characterized by the early stages of war, slowly led to more organized and systematic methods of strategic and tactical bombing, pioneered by Air Force strategists of various countries, especially major Hugh trencard;He was the first person to claim that he should exist...An ongoing [strategic bombing] attack to disrupt enemy rail communications.
..Combined with the main actions of the Allies.The bombing was very rough when the war began.At the end of the war, someone threw the bomb aside)Long-range bombers equipped with complex mechanical bombing computers are being built to carry large quantities of goods to destroy the enemy's industrial targets.
The most important bomber used in World War I was the French treasure cover 14, the British de Havel and DH-4. German Albatross C.And Russia's Sikorski.Russia's Sikorski Ilya muromez is the top fourDuring World War I, engine bombers were equipped with a dedicated strategic bombing device.Such heavy bombers were unmatched in the early stages of the war, as it was not until long before the Central Powers had similar aircraft.
At night, the multinational force carried out long-range bombing.An engine two-wing aircraft like Gotha G.IV (its name vs all multipleEngine German bomber) and later Handley Page Type O;Most of the bombing was made by a singleOne to two crew members have a very short flight distance from the engine wings aircraft, attacking the enemy's defense line and direct hinterland.Since the effectiveness of bombers depends on the weight and accuracy of their bomb loads, more and more bombers have been developed since World War I, while a large amount of money has been used to develop suitable bomb scenes.
Since engine power is a major limiting factor, coupled with a desire for precision and other operating factors, the design of the bomber tends to be customized according to a specific role.At the beginning of the war, this included: diving bombersVertical diving attacks are particularly enhanced to achieve higher accuracy.Light bombers, medium bombers and heavy bombersSubjective definition based on size.
Torpedo bomberSpecialized aircraft with torpedoGround attack aircraftAircraft used to concentrate on targets in the war of resistance, such as troops or tanks.night bomber —When the defense of the other party is limited, special equipment is operated at night.Maritime patrol-Long-range bombers used to deal with enemy ships, especially submarines.
Although most bombers are armed with defensive weapons, they do not intend to attack other aircraft.World War II witnessed Gao-The speed bomber, which is not equipped with defensive weapons, is able to reach a higher speed, such as the de havelan mosquito, a philosophy that continues many Cold War bombers.Some smaller designs are used as the basis for night fighter jets, and some fighter jets, such as Hawker Hurricanes, are used as ground attack aircraft, replacing traditional light bombers that were previously unable to defend themselves when carrying useful bombs.
At the beginning of the Cold War, bombers were the only means of transporting nuclear weapons to enemy targets and had a deterrent effect.With the appearance of guiding airto-Avoid intercepting air-fired missiles and bombers.High-speed and high-Flying at high altitude has become a means of evading investigation and attack.
Designs like the British Electric Canberra can fly faster or higher than contemporary fighter jets.When surface-to-Air missiles can hit the sky.In order to avoid radar detection and interception, bombers fly at low altitude.
Once the "confrontation" nuclear weapon design has been developed, bombers do not need to attack beyond the target;They can fire and turn away to avoid the explosion.Nuclear strike aircraft are usually bare metal or anti-aircraft.Flash White to minimize the absorption of radiation from a nuclear explosive flash.
The necessity of placing conventional bombsNuclear powers such as the Vietnam War or the Malaya emergency.In the late Cold War, the development of large strategic bombers stalled because of rising costs and the development of ICBM-which is considered to have similar deterrent value while not being able to intercept.Because of this, the US Air Force-The 70 Valkyrie project was canceled in early 1960;the later B-Lanser and B-Only after a long period of political and development issues did the spiritual aircraft begin to serve.
Their high cost means that few people build, 1950.designed B-52 s is expected to remain in use before 2040 s.Also, the Soviet Union usedrange Tu-In the 1970 s, 22 m was "counter-productive" but their Mach 3 bomber project stalled.
The Mach 2 Tu-160 "21 points" was built with few figures only, leaving 1950 s Tupolev Tu-16 and Tu-95 "Bear" bombers will continue to be used until the 21st century.The British strategic bombing force basically came to an end after the gradual elimination of the V bomber force;The last time was in 1983.The French Mirage IV bomber was retired in 1996, although the Mirage 2000 n and gusts have already played the role.
The only country to deploy a strategic bombing force is China, which has some Xi'an6s.In the modern air force, the difference between bomber and fighterBombers and attack aircraft have become blurred.Many attack planes, and even attack planes that look like fighter jets, are optimized to throw bombs and have little ability to participate in air combat.
In fact, the design quality makes the effective lowThe level attack aircraft is a superior aerial fighter with obvious disadvantages and vice versa.On the contrary, many fighters, such as F-16. Although designed for air combat, it is often used as a "bomb truck ".
Perhaps a meaningful difference at the moment is the range issue: Bombers are usually a long term --Long-range aircraft capable of hitting targets deep in enemy territory, while fighter bombers and attack aircraft are limited to "war zone" missions near battlefield battles.Even so, the availability of air refueling casts a shadow on this distinction, which greatly increases the potential radius of combat operations.S. governmentS.Russia is involved in developing alternatives for their legacy bomber fleet, the US Air Force and Northrop Grumman B-21.
the Russian Air Force and Pakistan DA.
A 1999 report from the US Air Force called on the American bomber fleet to continue its service until the end of 2030.Early 2040, B-21 deployment is planned for 2020.The U.S.Another bombing is also under consideration in 2037.
The B-However, 21 needs to be a fifth-generation defense system (such as SA-Dual-base radar, active electronic scanning array radar ).In addition, it was chosen to fight the rising superpower and the other halfAdvanced military capabilities.Finally, the third reason is long-Long-term air support for areas with lower threat levels (Iraq, Afghanistan), the latter known as close air support for the global war on terrorism.
The B-Thus, 21 will be able to stay in the same position for a long time (called persistence ).The 2037 Bomber is the unofficial name of a heavy strategic bomber planned by the US Air Force, replacing Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit.It is expected to serve in 2037 at stealth, supersonic speed and for a long timeLong-range bombers with the potential for unmanned operation.
With the end of BAmerican spiritual production in 2000S.The Air Force has a gap in bomber development.Within 2037 of the time frame, a new bomber will be needed to replace the retired B-52s and B-According to the Air Force bomber roadmap released on 1999, Lancaster is one person.
This is thought to be waiting too long, so the Air Force is starting the next time --A generation bomber program (later long-range strike bombers ).The Next-A generation of bombers (NGB;An informal project called the 2018 bomber is to develop a new medium bomber for the US Air Force.NGB is initially expected to enter about 2018 kilometers of service at stealth, sub-speed, medium intensitySupplementary and possible range, medium payload bomber-To a limited extentreplace the U.
S.
Fleet of Air Force aging bombers (B-Fort 52 and B-1 Lancer).NGB plans to be hit remotely by bombers (LRS-B) plan for heavy bombers.Sinking of ExA trial during Operation rage in 2004 showed that heavy bombers could successfully attack naval targets on their own.
This has led to the need for a new bomber that can withstand modern defense systems.In 2004-06, the Air Force Air Combat Command of the United States studied an alternative to a new bomber to increase the fleet of bombers currently comprised of 1970 s-era aircraft, the goal is to have a fully operational aircraft on the ramp by 2018.Some speculation is that the next generation of bombers could be supersonic and unmanned.
However, Mark T.
, a major general of the US Air Force.
Matthews, head of the ACC program and program, said the existing technology indicated that a subspeed bomber was driven during an event sponsored by the Air Force Association in May 2007.He later said that a manned subspeed bomber provided the "best value" to meet the required range and payload performance by 2018 ".The 2018 bomber is expected to stop as-Until more advanced "2037 bombers" enter the service.
2006 The four-year Defense Review (QDR) directed the Air Force to develop a new long-term defense reviewPrecision strike capability by 2018.US Air Force officials confirm new bomberend low-Observable Features, able to roam the battlefield for hours and react when threats arise.Deputy Secretary-General of the administrative coordination meeting, Major General David E.
ClearyThe commander concluded that the new bomber would "penetrate and continue ".Deploying cruise missiles is another problem for new bombers.The B-52 is currently the only aircraft in the Air Force's inventory that allows nuclear cruise missiles under the strategic nuclear weapons reduction treaty.
The main consideration is the readiness and flexibility of the action.In 2006, the prototype is expected to fly as early as 2009.On September 2007, several air force generals stressed that they still plan to send bombers by 2018.
To meet the tight schedule, the Air Force will initially pursue a basic model and then subsequently improve its capabilities.On January 25, 2008, Boeing and Lockheed Martin announced an agreement to jointly develop a new US Air Force strategic bomber and plan to be put into use by 2018.Long-standing cooperative effortsThe remote strike program will include the work of advanced sensors and future electronic warfare solutions, including the progress of the networkSupport operations management, command and control, simulation and experiment of virtual operations.
Under their joint arrangement,Pentagon suppliers will be general contractors, with a share of around 60%, and Lockheed Martin, the world's largest defense contractor, will have a 40% share, according to sources familiar with the company's plans.Another major defense contractor, Northrop Grumman, received $2 billion in 2008 for a possible 2010 flight of demonstrators for "restricted projects"-also known as BlackThe Air Force is expected to announce precise requirements for a new bomber to be put into use by 2009 at the end of 2018.In his testimony to Congress on May 2009, US Defense Secretary Robert Gates mentioned that the Pentagon is considering the next unmanned aircraft --Bomber characterOn April 2009, U.
S.
Defense Secretary Robert Gates announced the postponement of a new generation of bomber projects, which will exceed 2018 days.This is due not only to budgetary considerations but also to nuclear weapons treaties.On May 19, 2009, General Norton Schwartz, Air Force Chief of Staff, said that the focus of the US Air Force's budget for 2010 was "long termDistance strike, not the next-Generation Bomber "and will push this in QDROn June 2009, two teams in charge of the NGB proposal were told to "close the store ".
On March 1, 2010, Boeing said the joint project with Lockheed Martin had been suspended. on June 24, 2010, Lieutenant General Philip M."The future-A generation bomber has died and the Air Force is working on a long termScope hits "family" which will take advantage of F-35 and F-Help a more affordable and versatile bomber complete the mission.
September 13, 2010, United StatesS.
Air Force minister Michael Dolly said that with mature technology, long-range strikes will continue to be carried out cautiously, and plans submitted in the 2012 budget may require missiles or aircraft.Bombers will become nuclear weapons.Yes, but it was not certified for nuclear use until later.On February 24, 2012, Air Force Secretary Michael Dolly announced that a match is being played with the goal of delivering in the medium term2020s.
In October 27, 2015, Northrop Grumman was awarded a contract to build a new bomber.Long Range Strike Bomber program (LRS-B) is a development and acquisition plan designed to develop a long-termThe long-range strategic bomber of the US Air Force, aiming to become a heavy bomberPayload stealth aircraft capable of providing thermal nuclear weapons.Initial capacity in the medium term of the plan2020s.
A proposal for the development of the aircraft was issued in July 2014.Air Force plans to buy Rs 80-100-B. $0.55 billion ($2010) per aircraft.Northrop Grumman because of its B-21 The intruder was in October 2015.On May 19, 2009, General Norton Schwartz, Air Force Chief of Staff, said that the focus of the US Air Force's budget for 2010 was "long termDistance strike, not the next-Acting bombers "and will push this forward in a four-year defense review.
In June 2009, the two teams played in the next game.The suggestion of a generation of bombers was told to "close the store ".On September 16, 2009, US Defense Secretary Robert Gates agreed with the concept of a new bomber, but insisted that the bomber must be affordable, saying: "We can't repeat what happened to the last manned bomber.
When the research, development and demand process is carried out, although the aircraft has a lot of capabilities, it turns out to be very expensive-Class B aircraft $2 billion per person2 Spirit—Less than one-Of the 132 fleet planned to be built, the sixth has been built.\ "On October 5, 2009, Deputy Defense Minister Ashton Carter, who was in charge of the acquisition, said the Department of Defense was still deciding whether the US Air Force needed a new bomber and, if approved, the aircraft needed to carry out reconnaissance and strike missions.In July 2010, Carter said he intended to make affordability a requirement for the next session"Intelligent strike platform.
On December 11, 2009, Gates said that QDR had indicated the need for manned and unmanned ranged attacks and that 2011 of the budget could include funds for future bombers.The US Air Force plans a number of new bombers.The role of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities.
As a bomber, LRS-B will be the responsibility of the Air Force Global Strike Command, while the ISR assets will be managed by the Air Force command 25.On 2010, Andrew crepinich, director of the Centre for Strategic and Budgetary Assessment questioned F-35 manage China in future conflicts and promote reduction of F-35 buy a remote platform like NextA generation bomberthen-S. Air Force Secretary Michael Wayne declined the plan in 2007.
In the December 2010 debate on the new treaty on strategic arms reduction, several senators presentedB. as a reason for objection or postponement of approval.On January 6, 2011, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates delivered a speech in the United States.
S.
Defense budget for fiscal 2012, which announced a major investmentrange, nuclear-You can also choose the capable bomber with remote control.He also said that the aircraft "will be designed and developed using proven technology that should be able to deliver this capability on schedule and on a volume basis.It is important that we start this project now to ensure that a new bomber is ready before the current aging fleet stops using.
Subsequent bombers are a key component of the traditional deep sea bomber portfolioAbility to strike-Given anti-corruption, this should be a high priority area for future defense investmentThe access challenges facing our army.\ "On July 2011, James Cartwright, co-chief vice-president, called for the use of large drones rather than manned aircraft, including nuclear missions.Retired Air Force colonel and analyst at the Center for Strategic and budget assessment, Mark Gunzinger, called for the option of someone driving a bomber, saying that without direct human pilot awareness, pure unmanned bombers will be disadvantaged and vulnerable to communication disruptions.
In March 2011, the US Air Force decided to buy between 80 and 100 aircraft.The Global Strike Command said that one requirement for bombers is to carry weapons similar to the effect of large-scale ammunition armor-piercing.In addition to the strategic bombing, tactical bombing and the typical rapid global strike role of bombers, the aircraft will also be part of the system family responsible for ground surveillance and electronic attacks.
The Obama administration requested $0.
197 billion in its 2012 budget request, totaling $3.7 billion develop bombers within five years, including modular payload for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, electronic attacks and communications.Nuclear weapons.Capable, but not certified until the old bomber is retired.
In 2011, the House Military Committee added language to require two engine procedures for bombers;Ashton Carter opposes the plan that this addition will interfere with the reuse of existing engines.It is reported that the two most likely engines are the Pratt & Whitney PW9000 engine, which uses a combination of Pratt & Whitney F135 and commercial turbofan engine technology, as well as derivatives from GE/Rolls-RoyceRoyce F136.On May 2011, Air Force Deputy Minister Irene konatun announced that a project office was being set up for bombers.
The US Air Force requested $0.
292 billion for the project in its 2013 annual budget request.This project is also called Long-Range Strike-B\" (LRS-B).Former Pentagon weapons tester Thomas P 2012Christie's speculated that the bomber plan had been launched so that the air force could provide a sacrifice plan during the anticipated defense budget shortfall.
Given the lack of other non-US air forces seem to be working on the projectDeal with the nuclear option of "deep burial and/or hardening targets" and use 2% of the investment budget for the project, while the investment budget for maintaining existing bombers is 3%.As of August 2013, the US Air Force believed that LRS-B. Initial Operational Capability (IOC) can be reached by 2025 ).
According to the report, the main risk funds in the light of F-35 The acquisition difficulties of Lightning II and the lack of "emergency threats ".Previous bomber projects were hampered due to lack of funding, only 21 B-2 of the 132 spirits planned to be produced, B-Build a cavalry than expected;Due to the spiral of cost per aircraft, both projects have been reduced.As an anti-stealth technology, research funds have been allocated.
access/area-Budget cuts avoid the threat of denial.US Air Force announces LRS-B is the top priority because I believe China will overcome B-2\'s low-Observable feature of 2020Where possible, existing technologies and proven subsystems will be used in order to keep them within budget rather than developing new, more risky technologies.Components such as engine and radar may turn offthe-Shelf or fit for existing models, such as F-35.
The LRS-The purpose of B is to perform any remote task, not a dedicated task, which adds B-2.The US Air Force expects to spend $1 billion per project and take development costs into accountThe cost of the aircraft is $0.55 billion, which is considered a reasonable cost for the limited production of military aircraft.
Refer to military aviation in the free encyclopedia Wikipedia.Retrieved from: Aversa, R., R.V.V.Petrescu, A.Apicella and F.I.T.Petresscu, Teca.Nano-Diamond mixing materials for structural biomedical applications.Am.J.Biochem.Biotechnol.Aversa, R., R.V.Petrescu, B.Akash, R.B.Bucinell and J.M.Corchado et al., 2017b.Movement and force of a new forging manipulator.
Am.
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Applied Sci.
, 14: 60-80.
Aversa, R.
, R.
V.
Petrescu, A.
Apicella, I.
T.
F.
Petrescu and J.
K.
Calautit et al.
, 2017c.
Something about V engine design.
Am.
J.
Applied Sci.
, 14: 34-52.
Aversa, R.
, D.
Parcesepe, R.
V.
V.
Petrescu, F.
Berto and G.
Chen et al.
, 2017d.
Processing capacity of large metal glass.
Am.
J.
Applied Sci.
, 14: 294-301.
Aversa, R.
, R.
V.
V.
Petrescu, B.
Akash, R.
B.
Bucinell and J.
M.
Corchado et al.
, 2017e.
Some things about thermal motor balance.
Am.
J.
Eng.
Applied Sci.
, 10: 200.
217.
DOI: 10.
3844/ajeassp.
2017.
200.
217 Aversa, R.
, F.
I.
T.
Petrescu, R.
V.
Petrescu and A.
Apicella, 206A.
Bionic FEA bone modeling developed by customized hybrid biological prosthesis.Am.J.Applied Sci., 13: 1060-1067.DOI: 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1060.1067 Aversa, R., D.Parcesepe, R.V.Petrescu, G.Chen and F.I.T.Petrescu et al., 2016b.Morphological defects caused by glass-like amorphous metal injection molding.Am.J.Applied Sci., 13: 1476-1482.Aversa, R., R.V.Petrescu, F.I.T.Petrescu and A.Apicella, 206C.Smart-Factory: optimization and process control of compound centrifugal pipes.
Am.
J.
Applied Sci.
, 13: 1330-1341.
Aversa, R.
, F.
Tamburrino, R.
V.
Petrescu, F.
I.
T.
Petrescu and M.
Artur et al.
, 2016d.
Shape memory effect machines inspired by muscle-driven biomechanics, such as NiTi alloys acting.Am.J.Applied Sci., 13: 1264-1271.Aversa, R., E.M.Buzea, R.V.Petrescu, A.Apicella and M.Neacsa et al., 2016e.A mechanical and electrical integration system that can determine the concentration of carrots is presented.Am.J.Eng.Applied Sci., 9: 1106-1111.Aversa, R., R.V.Petrescu, R.Sorrentino, F.I.T.Petrescu and A.Apicella, 206f.Hybrid ceramo-Polymer nano-composite materials for the design and preparation of bionic support.
Am.
J.
Eng.
Applied Sci.
, 9: 1096-1105.
Aversa, R.
, V.
Perrotta, R.
V.
Petrescu, C.
Misiano and F.
I.
T.
Petrescu et al.
, 2016g.
From structure color to superTransparent protective coating: ti02 and si02 nanoparticles assisted by ion plating plasmaFilm deposition.Am.J.Eng.Applied Sci., 9: 1037-1045.Aversa, R., R.V.Petrescu, F.I.T.Petrescu and A.Apicella, 2016 h, in sustainable product development, imitation and evolutionary design drive innovation.J.Eng.Applied Sci., 9: 1027-1036.Aversa, R., R.V.Petrescu, A.Apicella and F.I.T.Petrescu, 206i.The mitochondrial is a miniature robot.a review.Am.J.Eng.Applied Sci., 9: 991-1002.Aversa, R., R.V.Petrescu, A.Apicella and F.I.T.Petresscu, 20180.We're addicted to vitamin C and E.A review.Am.J.Eng.Applied Sci., 9: 1003-1018.Aversa, R., R.V.Petrescu, A.Apicella and F.I.T.Petrescu, 2016 k.Physiological body fluid and swelling behavior of hydrophilic biocompatible hybrid neuroceramicsPolymer materials.
Am.
J.
Eng.
Applied Sci.
, 9: 962-972.
Aversa, R.
, R.
V.
Petrescu, A.
Apicella and F.
I.
T.
Petrescu, 206L.
People can slow down aging through antioxidants.Am.J.Eng.Applied Sci., 9: 1112-1126.Aversa, R., R.V.Petrescu, A.Apicella and F.I.T.Petrescu, 2016 mAbout Homeopathy or similar therapy.Am.J.Eng.Applied Sci., 9: 1164-1172.Aversa, R., R.V.Petrescu, A.Apicella and F.I.T.Petrescu, 206n.Basic elements of life.Am.J.Eng.Applied Sci., 9: 1189-1197.Aversa, R., F.I.T.Petrescu, R.V.Petrescu and A.Apicella, 206o.Bone beam prosthesis with flexible handle.
Am.
J.
Eng.
Applied Sci.
, 9: 1213-1221.
Mirsayar, M.
M.
, V.
A.
Joneidi, R.
V.
V.
Petrescu, F.
I.
T.
Petrescu and F.
Berto, an extended MTSN criterion for fracture analysis of 2017 soda lime glass.Eng.Fracture Mechanics: 50-17859.DOI: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.04.Petrescu, RCCL 18V.and F.I.Petrescu, 203A.Lockheed Martin1st Edn., Create space, pp: 114Petrescu, R.V.and F.I.Petrescu, 203B.Northrop.1st Edn., CreateSpace, pp: 96.Petrescu, R.V.and F.I.Petrescu, 203C.I color the history of aviation or the new plane.1st Edn., Create space, pp: 292Petrescu, F.I.and R.V.Petrescu, 2012.New aircraft II.1st Edn.Books on Demand, pp: 138.Petrescu, F.I.and R.V.Petrescu, 2011.Memories of flight1st Edn., Create space, pp: 652Petrescu, F.I.T., 2009.New aircraft.Record of 3rd International Conference on Computational Mechanics, October.
29-30, Bradford, Romania.
Petrescu, F.
I.
, Petrescu, R.
V.
GEINTEC-Otto motor powerGeopark, 6 (3): 3392-3406.Petrescu, F.I., Petrescu, R.V., 206B, GEINTEC-dynamic film of structureGeopark, 6 (2): 3143-3154.Petrescu, F.I., Petrescu, R.V., 204A Cam gear dynamics in the classic release journal of independent management and production, 5 (1): 166-185.
Petrescu, F.
I.
, Petrescu, R.
V.
Efficient gear synthesis to avoid interference, Independent Journal of Management and production, 5 (2): 275-298.Petrescu, F.I., Petrescu R.V., ENGEVISTA, 16 (4): gear design 33-204c328.Petrescu, F.I., Petrescu, R.V.International Review of mechanical engineering, 204D balanced Otto engine 8 (3): 473-480.
Petrescu, F.
I.
, Petrescu, R.
V.
, Equation of machine to classical distribution, International Mechanical Engineering Review 8 (2): 309-316.Petrescu, F.I., Petrescu, R.V., Internal combustion engine force, International Modeling and Simulation Review 7 (1): 206-212.Petrescu, F.I., Petrescu, R.V., Determination of yield of 2014G internal combustion engine, International Review of mechanical engineering 8 (1): 62-67.
Petrescu, F.
I.
, Petrescu, R.
V.
Dynamic synthesis of 2014 h CamKhwarizmi Journal of Engineering, 10 (1): 1-23.Petrescu, F.I., Petrescu R.V., Dynamic synthesis of 203a rotating cam and Pan tappet with roller, ENGEVISTA 15 (3): 325-332.Petrescu, F.I., Petrescu, R.V., 203B high efficiency Cam, International Review of mechanical engineering 7 (4): 599-606.
Petrescu, F.
I.
, Petrescu, R.
V.
Algorithm for setting dynamic parameters of classical allocation mechanism, International Modeling and Simulation Review 6 (5B): 1637-1641.Petrescu, F.I., Petrescu, R.V., Dynamic synthesis, modeling and simulation of rotating cam and Pan tappet with roller International Review 6 (2B): 600-607.Petrescu, F.I., Petrescu, R.V., Force and efficiency of 203E Cam, International Review of mechanical engineering 7 (3): 507-511.
Petrescu, F.
I.
, Petrescu, R.
V.
, 202a echilibarea motoarelor termice, creating space, publisher, United States, November 2012, ISBN 978-1-4811-2948-Page 0,40, Romanian version.Petrescu, F.I., Petrescu, R.V., Accurate, space creation, publisher, USA, November 2012, ISBN 978-1-4810-8316-4, 88 pages, English version.Petrescu, F.I., Petrescu, R.V., 202C moto are termice, creating a space publisher, USA, October 2012, ISBN 978-1-4802-0488-Romanian version, page 164.
Petrescu, F.
I.
, Petrescu, R.
V.
, 201A Dinamica mecanismelor de distributie, creating space, publisher, United States, December 2011, ISBN 978-1-4680-5265-Page 188, Romanian.Petrescu, F.I., Petrescu, R.V., Trenuri planetare, creating a space publisher, USA, December 2011, ISBN 978-1-4680-3041-Page 204, Romanian.Petrescu, F.I., Petrescu, R.V., 201C Gear solution, creating a space Publisher, ISBN 978, November 2011-1-4679-8764-6, 72 pages, English version.
Petrescu, F.
I.
and R.
V.
Petrescu, 2005.
Contribution to Cam dynamics.
Minutes of the ninth International Symposium on machine and mechanism theory of IFToMM, (tmm '05), Budapest, capital of Romania, pp: 123-128.Petrescu, F.and R.Petrescu, 1995.Contributi la sinteza mecanismelor de distributie ale motoarelor cu ardere intern GmbH.Minutes of ESFA meeting, (esfa'95), Bucuresti, pp: 257-264.
Petrescu, FIT.
Geometric synthesis of distribution mechanism, American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 8 (1): 63-81.DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2015.63.81 Petrescu, FIT.Machine equations of motion on Internal combustion engines, American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 8 (1): 127-137.DOI: 10.3844/ajeassp.2015.127.137 Petrescu, F.I., 202b Teoria mecanismelor-villain aplicatii (editia a doua), creating space, publisher, United States, September 2012, ISBN 978-1-4792-9362-Page 9,284, Romanian version, tujing: 10.
13140/RG.
2.
1.
2917.
1926 Petrescu, F.
I.
, 2008.
Theoretical and applied contributions on the dynamics of plane mechanisms with excellent joints.Doctoral thesis of Bucharest University of Technology.Petrescu, FIT.;Calautit, JK.;Mirsayar, M.;Marinkovic, D.;2015 structural dynamics of distribution mechanisms with swing tappets, American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 8 (4): 589-601.
DOI: 10.
3844/ajeassp.
2015.
589.
Petrescu, FIT 601.
;Calautit, JK.
;2016 about nano fusion and dynamic fusion, American Journal of Applied Science, 13 (3): 261-266.Petrescu, R.V.V., R.Aversa, A.Apicella, F.Berto and S.Li et al., 2016a.Protect the ecosystem through green energy.Am.J.Applied Sci., 13: 1027-1032.DOI: 10.3844/ajassp.2016.1027.1032 Petrescu, F.I.T., A.Apicella, R.V.V.Petrescu, S.P.Kozaitis and R.B.Bucinell et al., 2016b.Protect the environment through nuclear energy.
Am.
J.
Applied Sci.
, 13: 941-946.
Petrescu, F.
I.
, Petrescu R.
V.
, 2017 speed and acceleration of the 3R robot, ENGEVISTA 19 (1): 202-216.Petrescu, RV.Petrescu, FIT., Aversa, R., Apicella, A., 2017 Nano Energy, Engevista, 19 (2): 267-292.Petrescu, RV., Aversa, R., Apicella, A.Petrescu, FIT., 2017, Geintec, 7 (1): 3722-3743.Aversa, R., Petrescu, RV., Apicella, A.Petrescu, FIT., 2017 underwater, Online Journal of Biological Sciences, 17 (2): 70-87.
Aversa, R.
, Petrescu, RV.
, Apicella, A.
Petrescu, Fit.
, 2017 Nano-American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 13 (1): 34-Diamond mixing materials for structural biomedical applications41.Syed, J., Dharrab, AA., Zafa, MS., Khand, E., Aversa, R., Petrescu, RV., Apicella, A.Petrescu, FIT., 2017 effect of cured light type and dyeing medium on discoloration stability of dental repair composite materials, Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology 13 (1): 42-50.Aversa, R., Petrescu, RV., Akash, B., Bucinell, R., Corchado, J., Berto, F., Mirsayar, MM., Chen, G., Li, S., Apicella, A.Petrescu, FIT., Motion and force of 2017 new model forging manipulator, American Journal of Applied Science 14 (1): 60-80.
Aversa, R.
, Petrescu, RV.
, Apicella, A.
Petrescu, FIT.
, Calautit, JK.
, Mirsayar, MM.
, Bucinell, R.
, Berto, F.
, Akash, B.
, 2017 some content about V engine design, American Journal of Applied Science 14 (1): 34-52.Aversa, R., Parcesepe, D., Petrescu, RV., Berto, F., Chen, G.Petrescu, FIT.Tambrino, F., Apicella, A.Processing performance of 2017 large metal Glass, American Journal of Applied Science 14 (2): 294-301.Petrescu, RV., Aversa, R., Akash, B., Bucinell, R., Corchado, J., Berto, F., Mirsayar, MM., Calautit, JK., Apicella, A.Petrescu, FIT., 2017 output thermal engine internal combustion engine, Engineering and Applied Science Month (month) in the United States: 243-251.
Petrescu, RV.
, Aversa, R.
, Akash, B.
, Bucinell, R.
, Corchado, J.
, Berto, F.
, Mirsayar, MM.
, Apicella, A.
Petrescu, FIT.
, Speed and acceleration 2017 for 3R mechatronics system, American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 10 (1): 252-263.Berto, F., Gagani, A., Petrescu, RV.Petrescu, FIT., 2017 review of Fatigue Strength of load-bearing shear welded joints, American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 10 (1): 1-12.Petrescu, RV., Aversa, R., Akash, B., Bucinell, R., Corchado, J., Berto, F., Mirsayar, MM., Apicella, A.Petrescu, FIT., 2017 the physical structure of the proposed person n-American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 10 (1): 279-291.
Aversa, R.
, Petrescu, RV.
, Akash, B.
, Bucinell, R.
, Corchado, J.
, Berto, F.
, Mirsayar, MM.
, Chen, G.
, Li, S.
, Apicella, A.
Petrescu, FIT.
, 2017 some content about thermal motor balance, American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 10 (1): 200-217.Petrescu, RV., Aversa, R., Akash, B., Bucinell, R., Corchado, J., Berto, F., Mirsayar, MM., Apicella, A.Petrescu, FIT., Reverse motion of 2017 humanoid robot, Triangle method, American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 10 (2): 394-411.Petrescu, RV., Aversa, R., Akash, B., Bucinell, R., Corchado, J., Berto, F., Mirsayar, MM., Calautit, JK., Apicella, A.Petrescu, FIT., 2017 force on internal combustion engine, American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (2): 382-393.
Petrescu, RV.
, Aversa, R.
, Akash, B.
, Bucinell, R.
, Corchado, J.
, Berto, F.
, Mirsayar, MM.
, Apicella, A.
Petrescu, FIT.
, 2017 Gears-Part 1, American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 10 (2): 457-472.Petrescu, RV., Aversa, R., Akash, B., Bucinell, R., Corchado, J., Berto, F., Mirsayar, MM., Apicella, A.Petrescu, FIT., 2017 Gears-Part II, American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 10 (2): 473-483.Petrescu, RV., Aversa, R., Akash, B., Bucinell, R., Corchado, J., Berto, F., Mirsayar, MM., Apicella, A.Petrescu, FIT., 2017 Cam-American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 10 (2): 491-505.
Aversa, R.
, Petrescu, RV.
, Apicella, A.
Petrescu, FIT.
, Dynamic model of 2017 gears, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (2): 484-490.Petrescu, RV., Aversa, R., Akash, B., Bucinell, R., Corchado, J., Berto, F., Mirsayar, MM., Kosaitis, S., Abu-Lebdeh, T., Apicella, A.Petrescu, FIT.2017 classic issue edition the American engineering and application science journal of 10 (2): 551-567.Petrescu, RV., Aversa, R., Akash, B., Bucinell, R., Corchado, J., Berto, F., Mirsayar, MM., Kosaitis, S., Abu-Lebdeh, T., Apicella, A.Petrescu, FIT.Non-Test 2017American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 10 (2): 568-583.
Petrescu, RV.
, Aversa, R.
, Li, S.
, Mirsayar, MM.
, Bucinell, R.
, Kosaitis, S.
, Abu-Lebdeh, T.
, Apicella, A.
Petrescu, FIT.
, 2017 electronic size, American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 10 (2): 584-602.Petrescu, RV., Aversa, R., Kozaitis, S., Apicella, A.Petrescu, FIT.American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 2017 Deuteron Dimensions, 10 (3 ).Petrescu RV., Aversa R., Apicella A., Petrescu FIT., 2017, Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, transportation engineering, 10 (3 ).
Petrescu RV.
, Aversa R.
, Kozaitis S.
, Apicella A.
, Petrescu FIT.
2017 American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 10 (3). some proposed solutions for achieving nuclear fusion.Petrescu RV., Aversa R., Kozaitis S., Apicella A., Petrescu FIT.Some of the basic reactions in 2017 nuclear fusion, American Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 10 (3 ).
Petrescu, VictoriaAversa, Lovell;Akash, Bilal;Ronald BucknellCorchado, Juan;Berto, Filippo;Mill Millard in Mill, Zaya.Antonio;Petrescu, Florian Ion tibelu;Modern equipment for aerospaceReview 1 (1) of the Journal of aircraft and spacecraft technology ).Petrescu, VictoriaAversa, Lovell;