particulate matter emissions of four types of one cigarette brand with and without additives: a laser spectrometric particulate matter analysis of secondhand smoke - laser measuring tool reviews

Inhalation of particulate matter (PM)
Second-hand smoke (SHS)
Harmful to smokers and non-smokerssmokers.
Different additives in cigarettes may affect the amount of PM.
This study aims to evaluate the effect of additives on PM emissions of different cigarette types in self-propagating high temperature synthesis.
An experimental study was designed to measure PM in cigarettes without exposing anyone.
Method PM concentration (PM10, PM2. 5 and PM1)
Of the four different types of cigarettes hit by brand luck, two types of additives (
Original Red, original Blue)
Two types without additives (
Straight red, straight Blue)
The reference cigarette 3R4F was analyzed.
Automatic ambient tobacco smoke transmitter generated in a closed space of Volume 2. 88u2009m3.
Measurement of PM by laser aerosol spectrometer (Grimm model 1. 109).
Subsequently, statistical evaluation and visualization of the measurements of the four lucky hit brands and reference cigarettes were performed.
Results Compared to other tested lucky hit products, cigarette type lucky hit straight blue with no additives and lower tar amounts showed a PM average of 10% to 25% lower, but 21% (PM1)
27% respectively (PM2. 5,PM10)
The average is higher than the reference cigarette.
PM mean for all measurement smoke-
Free radical line value (clean air)was 1. 6u2009µg/m³.
It adds about 1800 g/m for reference cigarettes, and about 3070 g/m for lucky hit original blue.
Conclusion The results of this study suggest that smoking in a closed space can lead to a significant increase in the amount of PM and suggest that additives in tobacco products increase the amount of PM in SHS.
In order to verify, further comparative studies are needed, with a focus on comparing the PM concentrations of cigarettes added and not added.
Due to the exposure to SHS, 8 000 people die each year around the world.
PM hazard in self-propagating high temperature synthesis
Smokers and smokers
This study considers the effects of additives such as aromatic hydrocarbons and moisturizers in cigarettes on PM in self-propagating high temperature synthesis.
Will additives in tobacco products increase the amount of PM?
Objective inhalation of particulate matter (PM)
Second-hand smoke (SHS)
Harmful to smokers and non-smokerssmokers.
Different additives in cigarettes may affect the amount of PM.
This study aims to evaluate the effect of additives on PM emissions of different cigarette types in self-propagating high temperature synthesis.
An experimental study was designed to measure PM in cigarettes without exposing anyone.
Method PM concentration (PM10, PM2. 5 and PM1)
Of the four different types of cigarettes hit by brand luck, two types of additives (
Original Red, original Blue)
Two types without additives (
Straight red, straight Blue)
The reference cigarette 3R4F was analyzed.
Automatic ambient tobacco smoke transmitter generated in a closed space of Volume 2. 88u2009m3.
Measurement of PM by laser aerosol spectrometer (Grimm model 1. 109).
Subsequently, statistical evaluation and visualization of the measurements of the four lucky hit brands and reference cigarettes were performed.
Results Compared to other tested lucky hit products, cigarette type lucky hit straight blue with no additives and lower tar amounts showed a PM average of 10% to 25% lower, but 21% (PM1)
27% respectively (PM2. 5,PM10)
The average is higher than the reference cigarette.
PM mean for all measurement smoke-
Free radical line value (clean air)was 1. 6u2009µg/m³.
It adds about 1800 g/m for reference cigarettes, and about 3070 g/m for lucky hit original blue.
Conclusion The results of this study suggest that smoking in a closed space can lead to a significant increase in the amount of PM and suggest that additives in tobacco products increase the amount of PM in SHS.
In order to verify, further comparative studies are needed, with a focus on comparing the PM concentrations of cigarettes added and not added.
Due to the exposure to SHS, 8 000 people die each year around the world.
PM hazard in self-propagating high temperature synthesis
Smokers and smokers
This study considers the effects of additives such as aromatic hydrocarbons and moisturizers in cigarettes on PM in self-propagating high temperature synthesis.
Will additives in tobacco products increase the amount of PM?
Particulate matter in air (PM)
As part of air pollution, it has had a huge adverse effect on health.
Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in particular have aggravated airway inflammation and hypertension.
In this case, the reactivity of asthma patients should be mentioned.
Exposure to PM is also associated with increased mortality in stroke 3 and breast cancer.
Some studies have shown an increase in morbidity and mortality associated with higher PM exposure.
Five o'clock P. M. is a mixture of solid and liquid particles, which vary in size, composition and source.
The most relevant and common option for PM classification is to determine the depth of their penetration through the respiratory system based on the size of the particles.
Environmental Protection Agency of the United States (EPA)
Distinguish between inhaled coarse particles and pm2. 5 below 10 μm.
5. Inhaled fine particles less than or equal to 2. 5u2009µm.
7 In addition, PM1 is a fraction of particles equal to or less than 1 μm.
The smaller the particles, the deeper they penetrate into the respiratory system, the wider the impact on health.
Most of the PM comes from tobacco smoke.
About 1 billion adults worldwide smoke.
12 people die each year from tobacco use, of which 8 000 are non-
Smokers exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS)
Also known as environmental tobacco smoke.
Mainly composed of the side.
Stream smoke emitted directly from burning tobacco products and mainstream smoke emitted by smokers.
It is considered to be a major risk factor for indoor air pollution.
Previous analyses revealed changes in PM levels in cigarettes of different brands and types.
Content of tar, nicotine and various additives (
Aromatic compounds and moisturizers, for example)
May affect the number of PM.
According to these findings, it is reasonable and necessary to compare different cigarette types of special brands containing and without additives.
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to study the effect of additives on the emission of cigarette PM.
Therefore, the particle size fraction of pm2. 5 and pm2. 5.
4 different types of popular cigarette brands developed by Kentucky tobacco R & D center lucky Strike21 and 5 and PM1 of reference cigarette 3R4F (
University of Kentucky)
Analysis 22.
At the time of the study, the Lucky Strike provided almost the same amount of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide additives and additives without additives for each of the two cigarettes.
The type of lucky hit cigarette is original red and original Blue (with additives)
23 24 and straight red and straight blue (
No additives)
The analysis included 25 and 26 people.
As shown in Table 1, the contents of tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide and additives are different.
For more detailed information, please refer to the German Federal Department of Food and Agriculture (
Federal ministers of Germany, Fallon enlang and Rand veterschaft).
23-26 view this table: View a list of cigarette ingredients with reference to tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, and additives22-26To to minimize other effects on the amount of PM, E. G, different manufacturing processes of different tobacco companies have chosen a brand of cigarettes to test cigarettes.
Methods four tobacco products that smoke using an automatic ambient tobacco smoke transmitter, each with additives and no additives, 19 reference cigarettes (AETSE).
Individual pmlevel (PM10, PM2. 5, PM1)
Record and evaluate.
According to tobacco smoke particles and indoor air quality (ToPIQ)
Applied for study 17 27.
AETSE is located in a closed chamber with a volume of 2. 88u2009m3.
Smoke pumps designed and engineered by Schimpf for Medical Research-
On the 28 th, Norwegian telonheming allowed smoking tobacco products in a replicable manner without exposing testers and investigators.
The stepping motor moves by a linear actuator 200ml glass syringe that simulates the smoking process. Puff volume (40u2009ml)
Puff traffic (13u2009ml/s)
Frequency of puffs (2/min), inter-puff interval (22u2009s)
Adjust the number of nine puffs through the micro controller.
The smoking protocol is divided into four different stages, 5 minutes each.
It starts with pre-
Ignition phase and measurement of baseline values.
Then, ignite and smoke during the burning phase. The post-
The burning stage is as follows, starting with the burning of cigarettes.
In the last cycle phase, clean the indoor air using an industrial suction device before the next cycle begins.
Each cycle lasts for 20 minutes.
Grimm portable laser aerosol spectrometer and dust monitoring model 1 measure PM concentration in the chamber with compressed air dilution 1:10. 109.
29 30 dilution with compressed air is necessary to protect the spectrometer from clogging the laser measuring chamber with a high particle concentration.
The dilution ratio of 1:10 must be considered in evaluating the measurement results.
The spectrometer is detected in real time by light scattering airborne particles with a size range of 0. 25 to 32u2009µm.
It displays the output of the measurement data as a particle count [l-1]
Detailed dust mass fraction of 31 channels (µg/m3).
In addition, it is possible to present the data output as inhaled, chest, and lung (µg/m3)
According to the European standard EN 48131 or pm2. 5, pm2. 5.
5 and PM1 values, according to the us epa.
The data received is recorded every 6 s.
Subsequently, the PM value is statistically evaluated by calculating the area under the curve (AUC)
Average concentration (Cmean).
In this study, AUC describes the region at the concentration
The interval between the ignition of cigarettes and the duration of extinction is a 5-minute time curve.
Since all the measurement data of cigarette samples have passed the Gaussian normality test, Kruskal-
After the Wallis test, it is the multiple comparison test of Dunn (posthoc test)
This is done to compare the various values of the type of cigarette investigated.
No patient involved.
No patient involved.
Results AUC-
The PM of all types of lucky hit cigarettes is 21%-71% higher than the reference cigarette data (figure 1).
Value Cmean-
PM for all types of Lucky Strike cigarettes is 22%-71% higher than Cmean
PM for reference cigarettes (table 2).
In addition, the difference between AUC and Cmean of PM1, pm2.
In addition to straight Blue, 5 and PM10 of all Lucky Strike brands are associated with AUC-
Refer to the PM and Cmean of cigarettes.
Download the comparison of the area under the curve of Figure 1 in the new tabDownload powerpoint (AUC)(PM10, PM2. 5 and PM1)
For all tested tobacco products.
The main part of SHS consists of pm1 and 97. 7% (
Reference smoke), 93. 9% (
Lucky Strike Original Red), 93. 1% (
Lucky Strike Original Blue), 93. 6% (
Lucky straight Red)and 93. 3% (
Lucky straight Blue)Respectively (figure 2).
Download the distribution pattern of figure 2 PM10-2 in the new tabDownload powerpoint. 5, PM2.
5-1 and PM1 of all cigarettes investigated.
PM, particulate matter;
Self-spreading high temperature synthesis and second-hand smoke.
More specifically, tobacco products without additives and lower tar amounts are lucky to hit Blue (table 1)
Compared to other tested lucky hit products, the PM average is reduced by 10%-25%.
The difference between the lucky direct hit Blue and the lucky direct hit original blue is very significant (p≤0. 0005)
And between the original red of the Lucky Strike and the original blue of the Lucky Strike (p0. 05).
Details are shown in Table 3.
AUC-when comparing the lucky straight hit Blue and reference cigarettes-
The average AUC-PM1 is only 21%. PM2. 5 and AUC-
The average value of PM10 was 27% higher.
Therefore, the Cmean value of PM1, pm2.
The lucky straight hit Blue 5 and PM10 were 22%, 27% and 28% higher than the reference cigarettes.
View this table: View the average concentration of inline View pop-up table 2 (Pm2. 5, pm2 Cmean. 5 and PM1)
View this table using SD for all test tobacco products: View inline View pop-up table 3 pvalue for stats Dunn AUC multiple comparison tests (PM10, PM2. 5 and PM1)
In contrast, AUC-
PM average and c average of lucky hit original blue, a cigarette containing additives, but the same amount of tar as Lucky hit straight blue is much higher (PM1,63%, PM2. 5,70%, PM1071%)
Compare the reference smoke.
The measurement data of lucky direct strike Red is between 43% (PM1)and 50% (PM2. 5 PM10)
Higher than reference cigarettes.
In addition, the measured value of the lucky hit original red is between 36% (PM1)and 41% (PM2. 5)
42% respectively (PM10)
Higher than the value of the reference cigarette.
Fact of additive-
The low tar amount of free Lucky Strike straight blue shows the minimum measurements for all four Lucky Strike cigarette products, indicating that the addition of additives in cigarettes plus higher tar amounts increases PM emissions.
PM mean for all measured baseline values (smoke-free air)was 1. 6u2009µg/m³.
The mean value of measured c for inhaled particulate matter increased to 1803 g/m (±320u2009µg/m³)
Reference Cigarettes and 3076 g/m (±321u2009µg/m³)
Original Blue for Lucky Strike. In case of PM2.
It rises to 1801 g/m (±320u2009µg/m³)
3068 g/m, respectively (±319u2009µg/m³).
The value of Pm1 is increased to 1762 g/m (±302u2009µg/m³)
2865 g/m, respectively (±282u2009µg/m³).
The results of the discussion of this study show that smoking in a closed space of 2. 88u2009m3 (
Measuring the capacity of the cabin)
Increased particulate emissions compared to smokefree air (Baseline Value)
More than 1000-fold.
Measured pm2.
According to the WHO air quality guidelines 32, 5 values exceed the daily average concentration of about 70-max 25g/m3-fold to 120-
Fold depending on the brand of cigarettes.
This illustrates the great burden of PM under research conditions.
A compact car, classified by EPA, with a total passenger volume of 2. 832u2009m³ to 3.
087mm, 33 has a door volume equivalent to the measurement compartment.
The improved smoking regime used is similar to the condition of a compact car with closed windows, no ventilation or air conditioning.
This is an important aspect of learning design because many people smoke in cars.
Passive smoke containing particulate matter is not only harmful to the health of smokers, but also to passengers who are often children.
Different studies showed a dangerous increase in PM levels in smoking rooms and families, 34-37, but only a few studies were published on the effect of additives on PM, and the conclusions were contradictory.
In 2002, Rustemeier et al conducted a study to add 333 common ingredients to the reference cigarette 1R4F.
The results showed that PM increased by 13%-28% relative to cigarettes without additives.
In 2011, Wertz and others analyzed the previous secret documents of the tobacco industry.
They found out among the other four.
The publications reviewed concluded that there was no correlation between additives and toxicity and total particulate matter (TPM).
In relation to this, the internal documentation of the tobacco industry shows that after the previous additive Statistics results, special changes have taken place in the protocol
Increased correlation between toxicity and TPM concentration.
Wasel et al 18 found no significant difference in the amount of PM in L & M cigarettes added and not added.
Similar findings show research by Gaworski and Gerharz.
They cannot prove the effect of the additive peppermint alcohol.
Therefore, the main focus of this study is to study the effects of cigarette additives on PM emissions.
It seems sensible to choose a manufacturer's type of cigarette to minimize the impact of the production process on PM emissions.
Of the four test Lucky Strike types, cigarettes without additives and lower tar volumes (
Lucky straight Blue)
Fewer PM emissions than PM without additives but higher tar (
Lucky straight Red)
These are the ones that have added additives but have low tar content (
Lucky Strike Original Blue).
This proves that the argument that the additive has an effect on the PM concentration in SHS is reasonable, despite the fact that the lucky smoke is directly red (
No additives)
And Lucky Strike Original Red (with additives)
Contains a similar PM amount.
However, the PM level of all test cigarettes on the brand's Lucky Strike was significantly higher than the reference cigarettes.
In short, the results of the investigation cannot be determined-
A manufacturer produces fewer free cigarettes than PM emissions from cigarettes that add additives.
Further research is therefore needed to demonstrate this hypothesis.
In this study, the maximum part of PM so far is represented by particles ≤ 1 ymm and ≥ 0. 25u2009µm.
Depending on the brand of cigarettes, more than 93% to nearly 98% of the measured PM is PM1 (figure 2).
Keith and Derrick41 showed as early as 1960 that most of the particles in tobacco smoke were between 0.
Between 1 µm and 1 µm andpeaked month. 2u2009µm and 0. 25u2009µm.
Nazaroff and Klepeis42 describe the self-propagating high temperature synthesis of particle size between 0.
The diameter of 02 µm and 2 µµm.
There is no common agreement on peak size.
On the one hand, the side-
Flow smoke particles with a geometric mean diameter of 0 are described. 1u2009µm.
43 44 in contrast, the average diameter reported by Haustein and Groneberg45 was 0. 5u2009µm.
In this regard, it must be mentioned that the used aerosol spectrometer Grimm model 1.
109 only particles with a minimum size of 0 are detected. 25u2009µm.
Therefore, the part of PM1 is less than 0.
25 µm cannot be measured.
This leads to deviations in PM1 content according to the EPA definition, which includes particles below 0. 1u2009µm.
It must be mentioned that the used laser aerosol spectrometer for PM continuous measurement is also commonly used in monitoring networks.
One advantage of the 46 spectrometer is that PM can be measured, including PM1 and half
Volatile matter (
Water, ammonium nitrate, some organic compounds, for example)
Light scattering through real time.
This allows to investigate the amount of PM per tobacco product.
By contrast, the EPA Federal Reference Method (FRMs)
For measuring pm, samples of PM10 and pm2. 5 are usually collected within 24 hours.
5, but not PM1, then the weight measurement of the collected PM, or again true
Oscillation microbalance of cone element of time measuring device (TEOM)monitor.
47 48 European Standard EN 12341 for the determination of PM10 and PM 2.
5 is also a method of weight measurement.
49 The FRM listed is an automatic equivalent method for the Grimm model EDM 180, which measures PM by light scattering.
48 several studies have shown the measurement results of green model 1. 107, 1. 108 or 1.
The 109 is very similar to the results of the TEOM display, the Grimm model EDM 180 or the weight analysis method.
47 50 Fromme et al. concluded in 2007 that the results produced by the weight analysis method were higher than that of the laser aerosol spectrometer, but the ranking order of the measurements was highly correlated.
51 therefore, the measured value of the Grimm Model 1 used.
109 can be considered effective, but it is very important not to change the measurement method during the study.
One limitation of applying AETSE is that it is impossible to accurately simulate the smoking behavior of SHS and human beings, because the mainstream smoke inhaled in the respiratory tract is humidified and the outbound smoke particles are about 1. 5-
Folding is larger due to moisture absorption growth.
52 53 by using AETSE, it is not possible to distinguish between the mainstream smoke of inhalation and outgoing, but it should be emphasized that SHS consists of only about 15% of the mainstream smoke and about 85% of the side smokestream smoke.
54 55 however, AETSE is able to mimic the side
Smoke as real as possible.
Therefore, the measured PM emissions are very similar to the self-spreading combustion.
It is worth noting that the reproducible results are ensured by avoiding conflicts with each other
No testers were exposed to personal deviations from any health risks.
The improved smoking regime used is different from existing protocols such as ISO/TR 1721956 or the standard operating procedure for strong smoking by who.
57 at this point, it must be said that there is no "golden standard" in the smoking system ".
58-61 in addition, this study and all previous topiq studies focused on the comparison of data with 3R4F reference cigarettes, not on absolute numbers.
Therefore, the use of the modified protocol and the application of AETSE can be considered as valid.
All in all, this study has repeatedly shown a significant increase in PM in closed rooms due to smoking.
Although since there are no additives in tobacco products, the reduction in PM emissions should be verified in further studies. References1.
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Patients are not required to agree to release.
Contributor Author submission: This article is E-LF.
MB, AG, DK, RM ü and DAG have made significant contributions to the conception and design of the study.
In addition, MB, AG, DA. G and E-
LF prepared by E-LF. E-
The data were analyzed by LF and AG.
RM ü re-analyzed the data.
The manuscript was written by MB and was critically reviewed by all authors.
All authors are fully involved in the work, take public responsibility for the appropriate part of the content and agree to be responsible for all aspects of the work, to ensure proper investigation and resolution of issues related to the accuracy or completeness of any content.
The final manuscript was read and approved by all authors.
Funding authors have not announced specific funding for this study from any public, commercial or non-commercial funding agency --for-profit sectors.
No one declared a competitive interest.
Uncommissioned source and peer review;
External peer review.
The data sharing statement data set in this study can be obtained from the corresponding authors as required.